Human-like multiple object tracking through occlusion via gaze-following

Benjamin Peters, Eivinas Butkus, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte
Proceedings of The 2nd Gaze Meets ML workshop, PMLR 226:181-196, 2024.

Abstract

State-of-the art multiple object tracking (MOT) models have recently been shown to behave in qualitatively different ways from human observers. They exhibit superhuman performance for large numbers of targets and subhuman performance when targets disappear behind occluders. Here we investigate whether human gaze behavior can help explain differences in human and model behavior. Human subjects watched scenes with objects of various appearances. They tracked a designated subset of the objects, which moved continuously and frequently disappeared behind static black-bar occluders, reporting the designated objects at the end of each trial. We measured eye movements during tracking and tracking accuracy. We found that human gaze behavior is clearly guided by task-relevance: designated objects were preferentially fixated. We compared human performance to that of cognitive models inspired by state-of-the art MOT models with object slots, where each slot represents model’s probabilistic belief about the location and appearance of one object. In our model, incoming observations are unambiguously assigned to slots using the Hungarian algorithm. Locations are tracked probabilistically (given the hard assignment) with one Kalman filter per slot. We equipped the computational models with a fovea, yielding high-precision observations at the center and low-precision observations in the periphery. We found that constraining models to follow the same gaze behavior as humans (imposing the human measured fixation sequences) yields best captures human behavioral phenomena. These results demonstrate the importance of gaze behavior, allowing the human visual system to optimally use its limited resources.

Cite this Paper

BibTeX
@InProceedings{pmlr-v226-peters24a, title = {Human-like multiple object tracking through occlusion via gaze-following}, author = {Peters, Benjamin and Butkus, Eivinas and Kriegeskorte, Nikolaus}, booktitle = {Proceedings of The 2nd Gaze Meets ML workshop}, pages = {181--196}, year = {2024}, editor = {Madu Blessing, Amarachi and Wu, Joy and Zario, Danca and Krupinski, Elizabeth and Kashyap, Satyananda and Karargyris, Alexandros}, volume = {226}, series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research}, month = {16 Dec}, publisher = {PMLR}, pdf = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v226/peters24a/peters24a.pdf}, url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v226/peters24a.html}, abstract = {State-of-the art multiple object tracking (MOT) models have recently been shown to behave in qualitatively different ways from human observers. They exhibit superhuman performance for large numbers of targets and subhuman performance when targets disappear behind occluders. Here we investigate whether human gaze behavior can help explain differences in human and model behavior. Human subjects watched scenes with objects of various appearances. They tracked a designated subset of the objects, which moved continuously and frequently disappeared behind static black-bar occluders, reporting the designated objects at the end of each trial. We measured eye movements during tracking and tracking accuracy. We found that human gaze behavior is clearly guided by task-relevance: designated objects were preferentially fixated. We compared human performance to that of cognitive models inspired by state-of-the art MOT models with object slots, where each slot represents model’s probabilistic belief about the location and appearance of one object. In our model, incoming observations are unambiguously assigned to slots using the Hungarian algorithm. Locations are tracked probabilistically (given the hard assignment) with one Kalman filter per slot. We equipped the computational models with a fovea, yielding high-precision observations at the center and low-precision observations in the periphery. We found that constraining models to follow the same gaze behavior as humans (imposing the human measured fixation sequences) yields best captures human behavioral phenomena. These results demonstrate the importance of gaze behavior, allowing the human visual system to optimally use its limited resources.} }
Endnote
%0 Conference Paper %T Human-like multiple object tracking through occlusion via gaze-following %A Benjamin Peters %A Eivinas Butkus %A Nikolaus Kriegeskorte %B Proceedings of The 2nd Gaze Meets ML workshop %C Proceedings of Machine Learning Research %D 2024 %E Amarachi Madu Blessing %E Joy Wu %E Danca Zario %E Elizabeth Krupinski %E Satyananda Kashyap %E Alexandros Karargyris %F pmlr-v226-peters24a %I PMLR %P 181--196 %U https://proceedings.mlr.press/v226/peters24a.html %V 226 %X State-of-the art multiple object tracking (MOT) models have recently been shown to behave in qualitatively different ways from human observers. They exhibit superhuman performance for large numbers of targets and subhuman performance when targets disappear behind occluders. Here we investigate whether human gaze behavior can help explain differences in human and model behavior. Human subjects watched scenes with objects of various appearances. They tracked a designated subset of the objects, which moved continuously and frequently disappeared behind static black-bar occluders, reporting the designated objects at the end of each trial. We measured eye movements during tracking and tracking accuracy. We found that human gaze behavior is clearly guided by task-relevance: designated objects were preferentially fixated. We compared human performance to that of cognitive models inspired by state-of-the art MOT models with object slots, where each slot represents model’s probabilistic belief about the location and appearance of one object. In our model, incoming observations are unambiguously assigned to slots using the Hungarian algorithm. Locations are tracked probabilistically (given the hard assignment) with one Kalman filter per slot. We equipped the computational models with a fovea, yielding high-precision observations at the center and low-precision observations in the periphery. We found that constraining models to follow the same gaze behavior as humans (imposing the human measured fixation sequences) yields best captures human behavioral phenomena. These results demonstrate the importance of gaze behavior, allowing the human visual system to optimally use its limited resources.
APA
Peters, B., Butkus, E. & Kriegeskorte, N.. (2024). Human-like multiple object tracking through occlusion via gaze-following. Proceedings of The 2nd Gaze Meets ML workshop, in Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 226:181-196 Available from https://proceedings.mlr.press/v226/peters24a.html.

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